The vulnerabilities that have caused the largest losses in crypto tend to cluster around a few recurring patterns:

• Access control failures: Functions that should be restricted to specific roles but are callable by anyone. This was the root cause of multiple nine-figure exploits in 2023-2024.
• Oracle manipulation: Protocols that rely on a single price source or use spot prices that can be distorted within a single transaction via flash loans.
• Reentrancy: A contract calling an external address before updating its own state, allowing the external address to re-enter and drain funds.
• Flash loan attacks: Exploiting protocol logic that assumes economic conditions will hold across a single transaction. Flash loans let attackers create temporary economic states that break those assumptions.

Most of these are well-understood and detectable by competent auditors. The risk is not that they are novel — it is that projects rush to launch without a proper review.